The rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States sparked the Bank War during Andrew Jackson’s Presidency. These documents examine the political strife with an emphasis on the participation of Judge Augustin Smith Clayton and the Bank Investigating Committee in the spring of 1832.
All the following are links to Adobe Acrobat Downloads
Articles extracted from newspapers held at American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts, on seed-fund for research from Georgia Gwinnett College. Other articles extracted from newspapers in Digital Library of Georgia.
1830 April 13 Gales & Seaton’s Register of Debates. 21st Congress, 1st Session, Appendix, pages 104-134. George McDuffie, Report of the Committee of Ways and Means on the Bank of the United States, as relates to the President’s Message, and laid upon the Table. Courtesy of Library of Congress. American Memory. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: Congressional Debates 1774-1875.
1830 May 15 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) pp2-3 Bank of the United States – McDuffie’s Report
1830 May 15 Southern Recorder (Milledgeville GA) pp1-2 Bank of the United States – McDuffie’s Report
1830 May 22 Southern Recorder (Milledgeville GA) p3 Niles Register on Bank of the United States
1830 November 6 Federal Union (Milledgeville GA) p3 – BUS embezzler convicted in Boston
1831 January 12 Richmond Whig p2 The Enquirer and Judge Clayton of Georgia
1831 January 29 Macon Telegraph p2 McDuffie of SC responds to Clayton accusation
1831 April George Bancroft, The Bank of the United States. An Article Reprinted from the North American Review, for April, 1831. Courtesy Google Books. Adobe Acrobat file.
1832 January 5 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville, Georgia) Crawford on BUS
1832 January 21 Clayton takes his seat in US House of Representatives. House Journal. Courtesy of Library of Congress. American Memory. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875
1832 February 9 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville, Georgia) Article on effects of Apportionment
1832 February to May Thomas Hart Benton, Thirty Years View, Vol 1, 1856, Chapter 44, “Bank of the United States – Committee of Investigation Ordered” pp 235-242. Downloaded from Google Books. Chapter extracted by Michael Gagnon. Adobe Acrobat file.
1832 February 16 Letter of C. C. Cambreleng to Jesse Hoyt, found in William Lyon Mackenzie, Lives and Opinions of Benjamin Franklin Butler and Jesse Hoyt (Boston: Cook and Co, 1845), p 101. Downloaded from Google Books. Quote extracted by Michael Gagnon. Adobe Acrobat file.
1832 February 23 to March 23 entries extracted from Charles Francis Adams (ed.) Memoirs of John Quincy Adams Vol 8 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1876) with portions involving Clayton highlighted Downloaded from Internet Archive; Entries extracted and highlighted by Michael Gagnon. Adobe Acrobat file.
1832 February 25 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia), p2 – US Hotel Advertisement
1832 February 27 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 – Congressional Analysis
1832 February 28 The Globe (Washington, DC) 1st Session 22d Congress
1832 February 28 The Globe (Washington, DC) Congressional Analysis
1832 February 29 The Globe (Washington, DC) 1st Session 22d Congress
1832 February 29 The Globe (Washington, DC) Congressional Analysis
1832 March 1 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville, Georgia) Congressional Summary – Apportionment
1832 March 1 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 – Congressional Analysis
1832 March 2 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p3 – Congressional Analysis
1832 March 2 The Globe (Washington, DC) 1st Session 22d Congress
1832 March 2 Speech of Mr Clayton of Georgia on the Bank of the United States (np), missing pages 24-5, 28-9 Large Adobe Acrobat file, approximately 16 meg. Will find missing pages in future.
1832 March 2 The Globe (Washington, DC) Congressional
1832 March 3 The Globe (Washington, DC) Congressional Analysis
1832 March 3 The Globe (Washington, DC) 1st Session 22d Congress
1832 March 5 The Globe (Washington, DC) 1st Session 22d Congress
1832 March 6 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p3 – Congress
1832 March 6 The Globe (Washington, DC) 1st Session 22d Congress
1832 March 6 The Globe (Washington, DC) Memorials in Favor of the BUS
1832 March 8 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p3 – Congress
1832 March 8 The Globe (Washington, DC) Congressional Analysis
1832 March 8 The Globe (Washington, DC) Congressional Analysis again
1832 March 9 The Globe (Washington, DC) 1st Session 22d Congress
1832 March 9 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 note referring readers to debate on Clayton’s resolution
1832 March 10 Macon Telegraph (Macon, Georgia), p3 Clayton launches investigation of BUS
1832 March 10 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 – Congress
1832 March 10 The Globe (Washington, DC) Congressional
1832 March 10 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p3 Congressional Analysis from Globe of March 8
1832 March 12 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 From Globe March 10
1832 March 14 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p3 Congressional Analysis From Globe Tuesday
1832 March 15 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p3 Congress From Globe Wednesday
1832 March 15 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Congressional Analysis
1832 March 16 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p3 Congress
1832 March 16 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – United States Bank – debate on Clayton’s Bank resolution
1832 March 16 – John Quincy Adams Diary 38, page 38, Massachusetts History Societical. Friday – Bank Committee, request Clayton, Adams, McDuffie, R. M. Johnson, Cambreleng, Thomas, and Watmaugh to go to Philadelphia. Committee to meet tomorrow (March 17).
1832 March 17 Atkinson’s Saturday Evening Post (Philadelphia) p2 – Congress – Lists supporters and opponents of Clayton’s resolution
1832 March 17 National Intelligencer (Wash DC) Clayton’s Speech
1832 March 17 – John Quincy Adams Diary 38, pages 403-404, Massachusetts Historical Society. Saturday – Bank Investigation Committee arrangements for proceeding to Philadelphia. Clayton goes with his family. Thomas by the way of Frederick. 5-6 go in a carriage which Adams engaged. Adams notes that his alcoholic brother died last Monday.
1832 March 19 Boston Courier notice of Clayton
1832 March 19 Globe (Wash DC) Blair (SC) responds to Clayton’s Resolution
1832 March 19 Globe (Wash DC) Crawford (PA) responds to Clayton’s Resolution
1832 March 19 Globe (Wash DC) Root (NY) responds to Clayton’s Resolution
1832 March 20 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p1 – reports composition of Clayton’s committee
1832 March 20 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – Congress – Summary of March 9 debates including Clayton’s Bank resolution
1832 March 20 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – From Washington – Summarizes debates re Clayton’s Bank resolution, giving local representatives vote
1832 March 20 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – United States Bank – Details final debates re Clayton’s Bank resolution
1832 March 20 Carolina Observer (Fayetteville) Branch responds to Clayton
1832 March 20 National Intelligencer (Wash DC) Clayton’s Speech Concluded (Part 1)
1832 March 20 National Intelligencer (Wash DC) Clayton’s Speech Concluded (Part 2)
1832 March 20 – John Quincy Adams Diary 38, page 406, Massachusetts Historical Society. Tuesday – Bank Committee agreed to leave Washington at 1 PM on March 21.
1832 March 21 – John Quincy Adams Diary 38, page 407, Massachusetts Historical Society. Wednesday – From Washington to Baltimore. Stage came to the door of the House at 1 PM. McDuffie, R. M. Johnson, Cambreleng, Watmaugh, and Adams left House at 1:15 PM and traveled to Baltimore. Clayton and Thomas called on other members in Baltimore later in the evening.
1832 March 22 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 Bank Committee reported about to leave DC for Philly
1832 March 22 – John Quincy Adams Diary 38, pages 407-408, Massachusetts Historical Society. Thursday – Baltimore to Philadelphia. Entire committee proceeded to Philadelphia via steamboats and rail, starting at 6:30 AM. At Frenchtown at 11:30 AM. Made Philadelphia by 4 PM. Staying at United States Hotel on Chesnut St, across from Bank of the United States. Committee met and authorized Clayton to hire a clerk and inform bank president, Nicolas Biddle, of the start of committee hearings. Question as to the charge of subsidizing the press. Adams objects to trying and censuring individuals. Watmaugh goes to party at his sister’s, Mrs. John Sargent. Johnson, McDuffie, Thomas, and Cambreleng go to the theater. Clayton probably stays with family. Adams has private visits.
Image of the United States Hotel circa 1850 courtesy Library Company of Philadelphia
1832 March 23 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p3 Bank Committee arrives Philly
1832 March 23 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – notes passage of Clayton’s resolution
1832 March 23 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – 22nd Congress – Details debates (3-14) re Clayton’s resolution
1832 March 23 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – From Washington – Names committee appointed under Clayton’s resolution
1832 March 23 – John Quincy Adams Diary 38, page 408, Massachusetts Historical Society. Friday – Committee meets at 9 AM, then goes across street to bank where interview Nicolas Biddle, Horace Bishop, T. Cadwalader and Manual Eyre. Adams says Biddle’s exposition of the affairs of the bank are short and comprehensive. Committee returned to their chambers and hired W. B. Read as clerk, and then adjourned. Committee met again at 2 PM, and Clayton read his previous charges, and brought new ones. Adjourned until 5 PM for short meeting. Committee agrees to decline all social invitations.
1832 March 24 Atkinson’s Saturday Evening Post (Philadelphia) p2 – notes arrival of Clayton’s Bank Committee in Philly
1832 March 24 Atkinson’s Saturday Evening Post (Philadelphia) p3 – notes anticipated public dinners for various bank committee members
1832 March 24 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p3 Bank Committee reported starting its work
1832 March 24 – John Quincy Adams Diary 38, pages 408-409, Massachusetts Historical Society. Saturday – Committee met at 9 AM. Went to the Bank. Biddle, Cadwalader, Binney and Eyre there. Statements by the President with exhibition of documents. Clayton read written charges, then part of the indictment counts. Biddle explains. McDuffie (?) examining charge against President and Cashier of Norfolk branch. Took break 2-5 PM. Met in Committee’s room 5-8, interviewing Cowperthwait, 2nd assistant cashier. Continued w charges re President and Cashier of Norfolk branch, MacIntosh’s charges against Newton and Robertson. After Cowperthwait’s statement, adjourns until Monday at 9 AM.
March 25 – Sunday – attended Unitarian church with Cowperthwait. Runs into McDuffie later in day.
1832 March 26 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 340, Massachusetts Historical Society. Monday – Committee met at 9 AM at the Bank. Explanation by the President and documents. Loan to James Watson Webb, and Webb’s letter to Cambreleng. Anonymous letter to Thomas. Erasures and (?). Books of bills issued and discounts. Letter to cashiers of branches, Branch at Baltimore and Bank of Maryland, Mr Tattnay President. Adjourned after 3 PM. Colleagues went to the Theaters.
1832 March 27 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 notes BUS exonerated clerk before Clayton made charges
1832 March 27 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p1 reports Roots reply to Argus re his comments on Clayton’s resolution
1832 March 27 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 340, Massachusetts Historical Society. Tuesday – At the bank from 10-4. MacIntosh’s charges re Norfolk Branch Bank. After going through them, Clayton moved to send for papers from Norfolk, which was agreed, and then to subpoena him to appear by April 10. Motion carried 4-3 (lists by name). Then reconsidered motion, agreeing to send for papers and then if necessary to subpoena to Washington. Adjourned at 4 PM. N. Biddle leaving for Washington next day.
1832 March 28 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 341, Massachusetts Historical Society. Wednesday – Col Walbash met in Committee at the Bank. Examined two bank clerks concerning notes of James Watson Webb and Silas E Burrows. Cambreleng moved to subpoena them, but postponed at Adams motion. Left examination unfinished.
1832 March 29 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p3 RM Johnson party set for next day
1832 March 29 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Bank of US
1832 March 29 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Congress
1832 March 29 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 341, Massachusetts Historical Society. Thursday – Committee at the Bank. Further examination of discounts and notes of James Watson Web, Mordacai M. Noah, and Silas E. Burrows. Continued questioning clerks, and John Boklan (sp?), a director. Diversity of ink.
1832 March 30 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – The Bank Committee – editorial from Wash Globe wondering BUS friends motive in oppose investigation
1832 March 30 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 342, Massachusetts Historical Society. Friday – Committee met at the Bank, still on the discounts to James Watson Webb, Silas E. Burrows, and M. M. Noah. Questioned Neff (another director of the bank), and Cowperthwait, the second assistant cashier. Captious questions. Adjourned at 3 PM.
1832 March 31 Macon Telegraph p3 Clayton’s Bank Committee leaves for Philly
1832 March 31 New-Hampshire Statesman extract of Clayton speech on BUS March 6
1832 March 31 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 342, Massachusetts Historical Society. Saturday – At the Bank, examined directors Cope and Bavan. Still upon James Waston Webb, M. M. Noah, and Silas E. Burrows. Adams proposed voting on investigation once hear from N. Biddle to explain Webb, et al. 4-3 vote to subpoena Webb. Adams called for Cambreleng to produce Webb’s letter to him, and for Thomas to produce anonymous letter he received. Cambreleng produced his, but Thomas said anonymous letter was destroyed. Adjourned at 3:30 PM. Clayton dined with Adams.
1832 April 1 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 343, Massachusetts Historical Society. Sunday – Adams attended Christ Church with McDuffie, and then Presbyterian Church with Watmaugh.
1832 April 2 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 343, Massachusetts Historical Society. Monday – Committee met at Bank. N. Biddle returned from Washington. Adams reports examinations of William Capro, the direction, and President Biddle, and Manual Eyre. Discussed loans to James Watson Webb, M. M. Noah, and Silas E. Burrows. Letters from Walter Bowne and James Monroe, Accounts of Thomas Biddle, President Biddle’s and M. Eyre’s explanation. Clayton moves to subpoena Thomas Wilson to which Adams objected. Question postponed. Clayton has reason to believe her testimony material. Paul Beck and J. Connall Sundary School Union Establishment. W. E. Tucker Porcelain manufactory tomorrow evening.
1832 April 3 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – editorial re NY Courier-Enquirer stand on Bank committee
1832 April 3 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 344, Massachusetts Historical Society. Tuesday – At the Bank, examined Lippincott and John T. Sullivan, directors. Clayton moves to subpoena Mr Thomas Wilson, Thomas and Charles Biddle’s accounts. Adams asked name of the informer, which Clayton refuses to give. Adams then asked Clayton to reduce his forms of protestations in the committee journals.
1832 April 4 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 344, Massachusetts Historical Society. Wednesday – Committee at the Bank. James Watson Webb examined on oath. Cambreleng moved to write the presidents of ? New York banks to refute Webb’s testimony. Adams objects. Violent scene between McDuffie and Thomas. Handly opposed, Thomas retreats and then recants his contention(?) Adams spends evening with Watmaugh and McDuffie at Manual Eyre’s (?) party.
1832 April 5 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 345, Massachusetts Historical Society. Thursday – Committee at the Bank. Answers of James Watson Webb read by himself – his explanations. N Biddle answered some of Clayton’s questions, but not ready in answering others. Adams declares will submit resolution on next day to set date for ending investigation. McDuffie and Watmaugh dined with Cadwalader. Clayton and Johnson at Chesnut St. Theater.
1832 April 6 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 345, Massachusetts Historical Society. Friday – Committee at the Bank. Final examination of James Watson Webb. Answers of N. Biddle. Examination of General Cadwalader and his cashiers, McHesaine, Andews and Cowperwait. Adams offered resolution to close investigation following Monday (April 9) to reconvene in Washington. Adjourned at 2 PM.
1832 April 7 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 346, Massachusetts Historical Society. Saturday – In morning, Dyott, Adams, Watmaugh, Clayton, Clayton’s wife (Julia) and Clayton’s 3-year-old daughter (Claudia), visit porcelain factory outside Philadelphia. Committee at the Bank, Thomas Wilson examined. (long unintelligible run-together sentence – Sute rest one day agists allows slowly). G. T.Biddle, P. Back Whitney MacIntosh here. After dinner ride with Johnson (not R. M.), Clayton, Hoover and Cabreleng to residence and house once William Penn’s dwelling house.
1832 April 8 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 346, Massachusetts Historical Society. Sunday – Adams spends different parts of day with Watmaugh and with McDuffie.
1832 April 9 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 347, Massachusetts Historical Society. Monday – At the Bank. Whitney swears to every circumstantial statement given as testimony on May 27, 1824. N. Biddle claims all is false. Andrews, 2nd cashier of bank, also says Whitney’s testimony false. Patterson and Burges still to be sworn. Clayton brought letter of recommendation from T. H. Benton to Whitney, who had verbal communication with him via (?) Cambreleng. Whitney lived in Canada from 1808 to 1816 – Fowle and himself hatters here with memorial. Adams declines evening with McDuffie and Cambreleng at C. C. Biddle’s.
1832 April 10 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – From the (Goshen) Independent Republican – Other newspapers attack C-E over its support of the BUS
1832 April 10 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – From the Batavia Times – Other newspapers attack C-E over its support of the BUS
1832 April 10 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – From the Johnstown Herald – Other newspapers attack C-E over its support of the BUS
1832 April 10 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – From the Utica Observer – Comments on the dangers of the BUS to national democracy
1832 April 10 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – New York Courier and Enquirer – Troy newspaper counters comments by C-E
1832 April 10 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – The United States Bank – Kentucky newspaper approves Clayton’s attack as precursor to veto of BUS recharter
1832 April 10 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 347, Massachusetts Historical Society. Tuesday – Committee of the Bank. Examination of Patterson, first teller, and Burges, discount clerk. Also of Mr. Cowperthwait, 2nd assistant cashier. All contradict the testimony of Whitney. Paul Beck also examined. Director 1824-26, and again 1828—30. His testimony full to the integrity of the President. Clayton reluctantly agreed to partially close tomorrow (April 11), when Thomas Biddle to be examined. Adams walked with Watmaugh after dinner.
1832 April 11 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 348, Massachusetts Historical Society. Wednesday – Committee at the Bank. Thomas Biddle testifies. N. Biddle assures he was absent from Philadelphia, May 22-30, 1824. Thomas Wilson utterly denies Whitney’s statement. Andrews and Patterson re-examined. Whitney declines to convert his testimony. Cross examimation of him. Thomas objects and withdraws. Adjourns.
1832 April 12 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 348, Massachusetts Historical Society. Thursday – Bank Committee. Testimony of Swift, a partner of Thomas Biddle. The of N. Biddle, Burges, Patterson and Cowperthwait. Resolution that Clayton should write Albert Gallatin and “wright to make oath about (?) refusal to loan money to Webb. Adams proposed alternative, rejected 4-3 vote. Original proposal approved 4-3. Adams spent evening with Watmaugh and McDuffie.
1832 April 13 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – Editorial re rumors of C-E taking loans from BUS
1832 April 13 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 349, Massachusetts Historical Society. Friday – Bank. Lippincott, Bank director examined. Wilson (tells?) Whitney’s story to him. Thomas objects, and more investigation. Philander Stephens, his notes.
1832 April 14 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 349, Massachusetts Historical Society. Saturday – At the Bank. Whitney’s explanatory statement received. Cambreleng’s list of resolutions, carried over Adams’ objections. Resolution to leave a subcommittee of six, after McDuffie leave tomorrow (April 15). Correspondence about the (refusal?) of Jeremiah Mason, President of the Branch Bank at Portsmouth NH, called for by Watmaugh. Adjourned to meet at Washington, April 20. Col. R. M. Johnson transparency at the Arch St. Theater.
1832 April 15 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 350, Massachusetts Historical Society. Sunday – McDuffie gone. Visited St James church with Watmaugh. Later, visited Jewish synagogue with R. M. Johnson and Thomas to see Passover celebration.
1832 April 16 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 350, Massachusetts Historical Society. Monday – Subcommittee of Bank investigation met to look over papers. Adjourned at Adams’ suggestion allowing members to review papers and explanations on their own.
1832 April 17 American (NY) p2 – The Bank Report
1832 April 17 Spectator (NY) p1 – United States Bank
1832 April 17 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – NY Evening Post indicts C-E for not defending attacks for taking bribes from BUS
18320 April 17 Southern Banner (Athens GA) Bank Committee in Philly
1832 April 17 Southern Banner (Athens GA) Charleston reports on Bank Investigation
1832 April 17 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 351, Massachusetts Historical Society. Tuesday – Committee members depart Philadelphia on their own for Washington. Adams and Thomas take same steamboats to Baltimore. Next day Adams escaped injury from stage coach accident on Bladensburg Bridge.
1832 April 20 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – editorial calling loan from BUS to C-E a bribe
1832 April 20 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – From the NY Standard – Gives dates when C-E staff changed
1832 April 20 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – From the National Intelligencer – Defends BUS granting loans to newspapers
1832 April 20 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – The United States Bank – More newspapers accused of taking loans as bribes by BUS
1832 April 20 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – The Bank – The Investigation – Committee completes work but some PA witnesses hide without testifying
1832 April 21 Saturday Bulletin (Philadelphia) p3 – Report Clayton Committee visits glass works
1832 April 21 Saturday Courier (Philadelphia) p3 editorial re investigating loans to newspapers
1832 April 21 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 353, Massachusetts Historical Society. Saturday (day before Easter) – All members of Bank Committee met in Commerce Committee Room. To ask for extension for submitting report.
1832 April 22 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 354, Massachusetts Historical Society. Easter Sunday – Adams reports working on a counter-report for Bank Committee in the evening.
1832 April 23 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 Bank Committee granted extra time to assemble report
1832 April 24 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – The Bank Investigation – reports editorials explaining only the guilty are raising questions re bank committee’s scope
1832 April 24 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – The Bank Investigation -discusses loans to long time supporter of US Bank, National Bank Gazette
1832 April 24 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 355, Massachusetts Historical Society. Tuesday – Bank Committee met at 9:30. Adams overtook, and walked with Cambreleng. All members present. Clayton asks another day before presenting his report to the committee for auditing.
1832 April 25 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 355, Massachusetts Historical Society. Wednesday – Bank Committee met in Claim Committee room. Clayton read part of his report, which included six causes for forfeiture of Bank Charter. Adjourned at 11 AM.
1832 April 26 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 356, Massachusetts Historical Society. Thursday – Bank Committee again at Committee of Commerce room. Clayton read more of his report. F. P. Blair’s liabilities and non-payment. W. J. Barry. Manhattan Bank. Clayton’s selection of pages(?) for comment. Adams(?) took papers relating to R. M. Whitney’s testimony
1832 April 27 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – Congress – Saturday, April 21 – Cambreleng obtains extension for Bank Committee report
1832 April 27 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – editorial contrasts rumor of modest BUS loan to Richmond Enquirer to large loan to C-E
1832 April 27 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – MM Noah and the US Bank – shows Noah formerly opposed BUS in 1826 editorial
1832 April 27 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – The Bank Investigation – reprints NY Evening Post editorial which states BUS attempted to bribe Post to support BUS recharter
1832 April 27 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 356, Massachusetts Historical Society. Friday – Bank Committee met at 9 AM. Clayton’s report continued but not finished.
1832 April 28 Saturday Bulletin (Philadelphia) p2 – Congress – notes delay of Bank Committee report
1832 April 28 Saturday Courier (Philadelphia) p3 note that Bank Committee given more time to report
1832 April 28 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 357, Massachusetts Historical Society. Saturday – Bank Committee met at 9 AM. Clayton’s report read and discussed, paragraph by paragraph. Adams moved to make counter-report, which was rejected by committee by vote of 4-3. Committee to meet informally on Sunday, April 29. Adams met later with McDuffie and Watmough in Commerce Committee room.
1832 April 29 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 357, Massachusetts Historical Society. Sunday – Bank Committee met in early morning and continued reading Clayton’s report by paragraphs. After church, Adams returned to committee, meeting through about 3 PM. Agreed to meet again on Monday at 9:30 AM. McDuffie returned to Adams an unfinished manuscript of counter-report, advising a rewrite.
1832 April 30 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 Bank Committee report delayed
1832 April 30 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 358, Massachusetts Historical Society. Monday – Bank Committee Majority (Clayton, Cambreleng, Thomas and Johnson) agreed to Clayton’s report. ? voted by R. M. Johnson. Mill and Water Resolution. Adams left (may be mfg) committee early. When House in Session, debate suspended by Clayton’s Bank Committee Report. McDuffie replied to Clayton, and Clayton rejoined McDuffie’s arguments. Adams protested Clayton’s report, with comments from Cambreleng, Thomas, Johnson and Watmaugh. Call for 10,000 copies of report printed, but not carried.
1832 May 1 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – From the NY Standard – summarizes accusations of bribes by BUS loans to numerous editors
1832 May 1 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – reprint of Richmond Enquirer explanation of note, which was smaller than first noted
1832 May 1 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – partial editorial claims C-E cannot disavow bribe by BUS
1832 May 2 American (NY) p2 – Bank of the United States
1832 May 2 American (NY) p2 – Extract of a letter from Washington
1832 May 2 Evening Post (NY) p2 – Congress
1832 May 2 Evening Post (NY) p2 – The Bank Report
1832 May 2 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 – Bank of the United States – reports process of submitting report
1832 May 2 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 Bank Report submitted to House but not read awaiting counter reports
1832 May 3 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) pp2-3 – United States Bank – Majority Report
1832 May 3 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Clayton in Philly
1832 May 4 American (NY) p3 – Bank of the United States
1832 May 4 American (NY) pp 1-2 – United States Bank [Majority Report]
1832 May 4 Evening Post (NY) p2 – Congress
1832 May 4 Evening Post (NY) p2 – The Bank Report
1832 May 4 Spectator (NY) p2 – From our Correspondent
1832 May 4 Spectator (NY) p3 – From our Correspondent
1832 May 4 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 360, Massachusetts Historical Society. Friday – Adams records he is reviewing bank documents and writing his counter Bank Report.
1832 May 5 Atkinson’s Saturday Evening Post (Philadelphia) p2 – Bank of the United States – debates over committee reports
1832 May 5 Atkinson’s Saturday Evening Post (Philadelphia) p3 – The Bank Report – editorial re Bank Committee majority report
1832 May 5 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 Polk motion to print extra copies of Bank Report rejected by house
1832 May 5 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p1 editorial re Clayton’s report esp RM Johnson’s speech
1832 May 5 Saturday Bulletin (Philadelphia) p3 – Bank of the United States – editorial re Clayton Committee
Reports of the Committee of Inquiry appointed March 14, 1832, by the House of Representatives, Washington, Concerning the Bank of the United States May, various dates, 1832 (3 reports – Majority by Clayton, Minority by McDuffie, and third opposing report by Adams – and appendixes) Courtesy of Google Books. Adobe Acrobat file.
1832 May 8 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – Report of the Majority – complete report continued on p4
1832 May 8 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – Bank of the United States
1832 May 8 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – The Bank Report – several pro-bank papers in NYC express shock over C-E loans
1832 May 8 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – The Bank Report
1832 May 8 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – Argus editor sneers at C-E attack on Cambreleng
1832 May 8 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – The Bank Committee’s Report – NY Standard gives history of accusations leading to C-E in report
1832 May 8 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p1 summary-editorial re Clayton report
1832 May 8 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p2 editorial re Cambreleng-NY Courier loans by BUS
1832 May 8 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p3 editorial re Clayton’s report
1832 May 8 Spectator (NY) pp 1-3 – Report of the Majority [plus debates upon receipt]
1832 May 8 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 362, Massachusetts Historical Society. Tuesday – Adams met McDuffie and Watmaugh in Ways & Means Committee Room to review minority report of Bank Committee. McDuffie’s report not quite finished. Received N. Biddle’s answers to Cambreleng’s questions.
1832 May 9 American (NY) p2 – Extract of a Letter
1832 May 10 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p1 Extracts of Clayton Report
1832 May 10 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p2 editorial re Clayton Report
1832 May 10 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p4 Extracts of Clayton Report
1832 May 10 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p5 Extracts of Clayton Report
1832 May 10 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 363, Massachusetts Historical Society. Thursday – Adams reports that McDuffie finished his minority report and that Adams continues to work on his while House is in session.
1832 May 11 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – reports Nat’l Gazette dislikes printing Clayton report
1832 May 11 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – The Bank Investigation – quotes NY Eve Post and NY Sentinel in remonstrating BUS bribes of C-E
1832 May 11 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – From the NY Evening Post – reports C-E attacks Cambreleng but no expected fallout
1832 May 11 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – The C-E vs the Bank Investigation – sarcastic quote from Daily Advertiser pretending not to have a problem with BUS loan to C-E
1832 May 11 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 Summarizes Majority Bank Report from Saturday Courier
1832 May 11 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 364, Massachusetts Historical Society. Friday – At 10 AM, McDuffie presented minority bank committee report. Adams announces he will present his on Monday. Adams met with McDuffie and Watmaugh in Clerk’s Office to sign slightly modified version of minority report.
1832 May 12 Macon Telegraph p2 – Washington, May 2 – Clayton’s Bank Committee reports
1832 May 12 Macon Telegraph p3 – United States’ Bank – Comments on Clayton’s Bank Report
1832 May 12 Atkinson’s Saturday Evening Post (Philadelphia) p2 – United States Bank – discusses BUS loan to Webb of NY Courier
1832 May 12 Saturday Bulletin (Philadelphia) p2 – The Bank Report – McDuffie’s minority report
1832 May 12 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 364, Massachusetts Historical Society. Saturday – Adams dropped off a copy of his unfinished bank report at McDuffie’s lodgings. Does not get back to working on it that day.
1832 May 13 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 365, Massachusetts Historical Society. Sunday – Adams worked with John(?) past midnight on gathering comments that added 9 columns of proof to his bank report.
1832 May 14 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 – Bank of the United States – editorial approving of Minority Report
1832 May 14 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 – In the House of Representatives – Cambreleng complains Biddle avoided answers in appendix to McD’s report
1832 May 14 American (NY) p2 – Bank of the United States
1832 May 14 American (NY) p2 – Extract of a Letter
1832 May 14 Evening Post (NY) p2 – Report of the Bank Committee
1832 May 14 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 365, Massachusetts Historical Society. Monday – Adams gave Gales part of his bank report manuscript in advance of presenting his report to the House the same day
1832 May 15 American (NY) p2 – Sketch of the debates … on the Houston Case [Clayton comments]
1832 May 15 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – From the NY Standard – calls for winding down BUS but calling in loans not made to merchants the earliest
1832 May 15 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – Mr Cambreleng and the C-E – NY Standard discusses C-E attacks on Cambreleng
1832 May 15 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – The Bank and the Business Transactions of the C-E – discusses how bank supporter NY American rejects loan to C-E as corrupt
1832 May 15 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – Voice of the Press – excerpts news accounts from papers around NY state on reaction to Clayton Report
1832 May 15 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – Postscript – Discusses Cambreleng and McDuffie exchanges over Clayton Report
1832 May 15 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 – U States Bank – Minority Report
1832 May 16 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 editorial against multiple reports of Congressional committees
1832 May 16 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p3 – Congressional Analysis – mentions Adams Report in passing
1832 May 16 Evening Post (NY) pp 2-3 – Bank of the United States [Adams Report]
1832 May 16 Letter of John Q. Adams to Charles F. Adams, as quoted in C. F. Adams, “J.Q Adams in the Twenty-Second Congress.” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 19 (1905), p. 519, “A copy of my Bank investigation report as published in the National Intelligencer, was sent you yesterday morning, and you may see in that paper of this morning that Judge Clayton, the worthy Chairman of the Committee, declares his determination to make a personal affair of it. But you need not be alarmed for my safety, notwithstanding the introduction of Hickory Club and Pistol-bullet Law into Congress. The Judge intends only to answer my reasoning and prove himself a better Poet than I am.”
1832 May 17 American (NY) p2 [Editorial Approving of Adams Report]
1832 May 17 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p4 McDuffie’s Report concluded
1832 May 17 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p4 NY Papers on Clayton Committee
1832 May 17 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p1 McDuffie’s Report
1832 May 17 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Clayton’s Majority Bank Report
1832 May 17 Globe (Wash DC) Clayton explains report lacking personal vindictive
1832 May 17 Globe (Wash DC) letters from Cambreleng and Clayton
1832 May 18 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – from NY Evening Post – Discusses Webb and Noah
1832 May 18 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p1 – The Witnesses – Discusses Testimony of Witnesses in Clayton Report
1832 May 18 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – 22nd Congress – Clayton submits report but awaits Adams report before printing
1832 May 18 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – From NY Evening Post of Monday – Cambreleng says he and Johnson concurred w Clayton on Report
1832 May 18 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – The Counter Report – Describes McDuffie’s Report
1832 May 18 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – The Counter Report – Editorial on McDuffie’s Report
1832 May 18 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – Postscript on the Counter Report of J Q Adams
1832 May 18 Evening Post (NY) p 2 – The Press vs The US Bank
1832 May 18 Evening Post (NY) p 2 [Clayton’s initial response to Adams Report]
1832 May 18 Spectator (NY) p1 – From our Correspondent
1832 May 18 Spectator (NY) p3 -The Effects
1832 May 19 Atkinson’s Saturday Evening Post (Philadelphia) p2 – United States Bank – Minority Report
1832 May 19 Atkinson’s Saturday Evening Post (Philadelphia) p3 – The Bank Report – editorial approves of Adams Minority Report
1832 May 19 Saturday Bulletin (Philadelphia) p2 – United States Bank – Minority Report
1832 May 19 Saturday Bulletin (Philadelphia) p3 – Congress – Pro-minority editorial
1832 May 19 Saturday Bulletin (Philadelphia) p3 – Mr Adams Report – Pro-minority editorial
1832 May 19 Saturday Courier (Philadelphia) p3 – United States Bank – approves both minority reports
1832 May 19 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 368, Massachusetts Historical Society. Saturday – Clayton, Cambreleng and Thomas publish resolution respecting Biddle in Globe
1832 May 21 Boston Courier Clayton Letter reported National Intelligencer
1832 May 21 Evening Post (NY) p 2 [Majority clarifies Reuben Whitney v Nick Biddle]
1832 May 22 Spectator (NY) p3 – [Clayton’s initial response to Adams Report]
1832 May 22 US Telegraph (Wash DC) Clayton Report reported Globe
1832 May 22 US Telegraph (Wash DC) charges re Biddle in Clayton Report explained
1832 May 22 Daily Chronicle (Philadelphia) p2 – House of Representatives – Clayton and committee explain how minority reports distorts proceedings
1832 May 22 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p1 Satire on Cambreleng questions
1832 May 22 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p2 Anti-Clayton article from VA
1832 May 22 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p2 Richmond Enquirer notice of Adams Report
1832 May 22 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p2 Anti-Clayton article(full) from VA
1832 May 24 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) comments on Clayton’s response to McDuffie
1832 May 25 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p2 – The Bank Reports – Editorial against Counter Reports
1832 May 25 Albany Argus (Albany NY) p3 – From the NY Standard – editorials re BUS Reports
1832 May 25 Spectator (NY) p1 – From our Correspondent
1832 May 25 Spectator (NY) p1 – Mr Adams Counter Report [editorial]
1832 May 25 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 371, Massachusetts Historical Society. Friday – Adams submits final documents for Bank Report index, mentions Cambreleng.
1832 May 26 Macon Telegraph p3 – Unattributed comments on Clayton Bank Report
1832 May 26 Macon Telegraph pp2-3 – Richmond Enquirer comments on Clayton Bank Report
1832 May 26 Atkinson’s Saturday Evening Post (Philadelphia) Extra pp1-2- Adams Report
1832 May 26 Atkinson’s Saturday Evening Post (Philadelphia) p3 – Mr Adams Report – explains Majority Report not worth publishing
1832 May 26 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p1 Comments on Clayton’s immediate response to Adams Report
1832 May 26 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p4 Clayton Majority clarifies in Globe
1832 May 26 Saturday Bulletin (Philadelphia) p1 – Satire on Cambreleng’s questions in Clayton report
1832 May 26 Saturday Courier (Philadelphia) EXTRA – Introduction of McD document and document itself
1832 May 26 Saturday Courier (Philadelphia) p2 Clayton clarifies point re Biddle
1832 May 28 – John Quincy Adams Diary 47, “Rubbish Diary” 1, page 372, Massachusetts Historical Society. Monday – Adams reports Watmaugh and N. Biddle wish to withdraw documents of accounts of members of Congress with the drafts which Adams completed.
1832 June 5 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p2 Documents in Clayton Report
1832 June 9 Saturday Bulletin (Philadelphia) p4 – Scraps – Sarcasm on Clayton report
1832 June 14 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) comments on Minority Report
1832 June 14 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) NH supports Minority Report
1832 June 16 House of Representatives receives and debates Whitney Memorial. Gales & Seatons Register of Debates 22nd Congress, 1st Session, pp. 3509-3601. Courtesy Library of Congress, American Memory, A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation, Debates of Congress 1774-1875.
1832 June 16 Reuben M Whitney Memorial [regarding charges made by Clayton’s Bank Committee] Courtesy Google Books. Adobe Acrobat file.
1832 June 28 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p1 Lamar apologizes for Clayton misstatement
1832 July 10 President Jackson’s Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States. Available through the Avalon Project of Yale Law School.
1832 July 14 Atkinson’s Saturday Evening Post (Philadelphia) p3 – Bank Bill Veto
1832 September 13 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Webb Letter Controversy begins
1832 September 21 Philadelphia Inquirer p2 notice of exchange bn JW Webb – Clayton
1832 September 22 Globe (Wash DC) Clayton Correspondence w Jas Webb
1832 September 25 Morning Courier & NY Chronicle (NY) p2 – Judge Clayton
1832 September 25 Philadelphia Inquirer p2 Clayton – Webb Correspondence
1832 September 29 Morning Courier & NY Chronicle (NY) p2 – AS Clayton
1832 October 18 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Webb’s Letter
1832 October 31 US Telegraph (Wash DC) Intended Guests at Athens Dinner
1832 November 15 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Clayton reply to Adams Minority Report
1832 November 19 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Clayton reply to Adams
1832 November 19 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) KY meeting honor Clayton and Benton opposing BUS
1832 November 19 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) memorial to Clayton
1832 November 24 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p3 notices Clayton’s belated reply to Adams Report
1832 November 24 New York Spectator Clayton’s reply to Adams Report reported Georgia Journal
1832 November 26 Lynchburg Virginian (Lynchburg, VA) Clayton responds to Adams Report
1832 November 27 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p1 editorial on Clayton’s reply to Adams Report
1832 November 30 Globe (Wash DC) Clayton’s Response to Adams
1832 December 1 Globe (Wash DC) Clayton’s Response to Adams Concluded
1832 December 27 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Clayton returned
1832 December 27 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) editorial re antiBank leaders returned to power
1833 January 3 Clayton Speech on Assay Bill
1833 June 4 US Telegraph (Wash DC) Clayton Letter on Cherokee
1833 June 19 US Telegraph (Wash DC) Clayton accused bribed by BUS
1833 July 25 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Clayton explains note from BUS
1833 August 3 National Intelligencer (Washington, DC) Clayton BUS transaction
1833 August 3 Philadelphia Inquirer p2 Editorial re Argus claims Clayton bribed by BUS
1833 August 8 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p2 Clayton BUS Loan
1833 August 10 The Globe (Washington, DC) Clayton explains note at BUS
1833 August 10 The Globe (Washington, DC) Augusta Courier editorial re Clayton BUS loan
1833 August 12 National Intelligencer (Wash DC) Clayton BUS transaction
1833 August 13 US Telegraph (Wash DC) Clayton BUS transaction reported Intelligencer
1833 August 14 Philadelphia Inquirer p2 Clayton letter on BUS Loan
1833 August 14 New York Spectator Clayton BUS transaction editorial
1833 August 26 US Telegraph Clayton letter declines July 4 oration in Shady Dale
1833 October 5 National Intelligencer Clayton clarifies BUS transaction
1833 October 18 National Intelligencer reports Georgia Courier attacks Clayton’s BUS transaction
1833 October 24 Boston Courier reports Georgia Courier attacks Clayton’s BUS transaction
1833 November 6 National Intelligencer gloats at Clayton’s fight with Georgia Courier editor
1833 December 17 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p1 Clayton comments on Pet Banks
1833 December 25 US Telegraph (Wash DC) Clayton on removal of deposits
1834 January 8 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Clayton Speech on Deposits 12-17-33
1834 January 29 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Clayton views on Deposits
1834 March 5 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) House debates Deposit Resolution
1834 March 8 Philadelphia Inquirer p2 Note that Clayton gave speech on Mardis resolution re banks
1834 March 15 US Telegraph Clayton Speech re Mardis Resolution on Deposits
1834 March 17 US Telegraph Clayton Speech on Deposits Errata
1834 March 18 National Gazette (Philadelphia) p2 Clayton Mardis speech contains apology
1834 March 18 National Intelligencer Clayton apologizes re Biddle mischaracterization
1834 March 20 New York Spectator Clayton apologizes re Biddle mischaracterization
1834 March 26 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Editorial re House debates Deposits
1834 April 2 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Clayton Speech on BUS, 3-11-34
1834 April 2 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Editorial re Clayton on BUS
1834 April 9 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Clayton Protest Letter to PM General, 2-18-34
1834 April 16 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) House votes on BUS, 4-4-34
1834 June 3 US Telegraph Clayton Speech on contested KY elections
1834 June 3 US Telegraph Clayton Speech on Contested KY elections (2)
1834 June 18 US Telegraph editorial re Clayton on contested KY elections
1834 November 18 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Treasury accepts bank notes in land sales
1834 December 19 Georgia Journal (Milledgeville GA) Clayton re Relations w France
1836 April 20 US Telegraph (Washington, DC), p2 – RM Whitney – excerpts Clayton’s Bank Report
1836 May 7 Philadelphia Inquirer p2 Editorial re Judge Clayton defending Reuben M. Whitney in Canada
Books:
Catterall, Ralph C. H. The Second Bank of the United States Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1902. Adobe Acrobat file. Courtesy Google Books.
